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Surfactant

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Surfactant Solutions

Surfactants are chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension or interfacial tension between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and a solid. The word "surfactant" is a blend of surface-active agent coined .As they consist of a water-repellent and a water-attracting part, they enable water and oil to mix; they can form foam and facilitate the detachment of dirt. Surfactants are among the most widespread and commercially important chemicals. Private households as well as many different industries use them in large quantities as detergents and cleaning agents, but also for example as emulsifiers, wetting agents, foaming agents, antistatic additives, or dispersants. Surfactants occur naturally in traditional plant based detergents, e.g. horse chestnuts or soap nuts; they can also be found in the secretions of some caterpillars. Today the most commonly used surfactants, above all anionic linear alkylbenzene sulfates (LAS), are produced from petroleum products. However, surfactants are (again) increasingly produced in whole or in part from renewable biomass, like sugar, fatty alcohol from vegetable oils, by-products of biofuel production, or other biogenic material.

Anionic surfactant

Anionic surfactants have a negative charge on their hydrophilic end. The negative charge helps the surfactant molecules lift and suspend soils in micelles. Because they are able to attack a broad range of soils, anionic surfactants are used frequently in soaps and detergents.

Amphoteric surfactant

Amphoteric surfactants have polar functional groups whose charge depends on the pH of the solution, and they exhibit cationic behavior at acidic pH, anionic behavior at alkaline pH, and are zwitterionic around their isoelectric point.

Cationic surfactant

Cationic surfactants have a positive charge on their hydrophilic end. The positive charge makes them useful in anti-static products, like fabric softeners. Cationic surfactants can also serve as antimicrobial agents, so they are often used in disinfectants.

Nonionic surfactant

Nonionic surfactants represent a major component material for applications ranging from personal care to a wide range of industrial uses. Structurally, nonionic surfactants combine uncharged hydrophilic and hydrophobic group that make them effective in wetting and spreading and as emulsifiers and foaming agents.

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